{"id": "colorado-springs-co", "label": "Colorado Springs, CO", "city": "Colorado Springs", "state": "CO", "county": "El Paso County", "geography": "multi-district metro", "population": 494743, "researched_on": "2026-09-13", "pipeline_version": "2.1.0", "model": "grok-4.3", "counts": {"total": 80, "sourced": 31, "derived": 35, "estimated": 14}, "gaps": 2, "citations": {"checked": 14, "passed": 13, "failed": 1}, "research_cost_usd": 0.0, "summary": "This is a planning tool, not a prediction. Of the 80 numbers behind a season in Colorado Springs, 31 are published figures, 35 are worked out from published figures, and 14 are our own estimates. 43 of them were read straight out of a federal file that covers every city in the country, so there was no citation to trust and no page to misread. You can change any of them. Your result is only as good as the numbers you agree with.", "pack": {"id": "colorado-springs-co", "city": "Colorado Springs", "state": "CO", "label": "Colorado Springs, CO", "county": "El Paso County", "geography_type": "multi-district metro", "researched_on": "2026-09-13", "pipeline_version": "2.1.0", "model": "grok-4.3", "records": [{"id": "population", "label": "People living here", "value": 494743, "unit": "people", "basis": "sourced", "why": "US Census Bureau vintage 2025 population estimate for Colorado Springs city, Colorado.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Census Bureau, Subcounty Population Estimates", "date": "2025", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2025/cities/totals/sub-est2025.csv", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "SUMLEV 162, GEOID 0816000 -- Colorado Springs city, Colorado"}, "range": [247371, 989486], "editable": true, "theme": "people", "bulk": true}, {"id": "land_area_sqmi", "label": "How big the city is", "value": 202.23, "unit": "sq mi", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Census Bureau Gazetteer land area for Colorado Springs city. Water is excluded.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Census Bureau Gazetteer", "date": "2025", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2025_Gazetteer/2025_gaz_place_08.txt", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "GEOID 0816000 -- Colorado Springs city"}, "range": [101.1, 404.5], "editable": true, "theme": "people", "bulk": true}, {"id": "density", "label": "People per square mile", "value": 2446, "unit": "people/sq mi", "basis": "derived", "why": "How tightly packed the town is, which is what decides how far an average trip runs and how much empty driving there is between fares.", "math": "494,743 residents divided by 202.23 square miles of land = 2,446 people per square mile.", "source": null, "range": [978, 6115], "editable": true, "theme": "people", "bulk": true}, {"id": "metro_population", "label": "People in the surrounding county", "value": 757040, "unit": "people", "basis": "sourced", "why": "US Census Bureau vintage 2025 estimate for El Paso County, Colorado. This is the pool a fleet actually draws on, because trips do not stop at the city line.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Census Bureau, County Population Estimates", "date": "2025", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2025/counties/totals/co-est2025-alldata.csv", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "SUMLEV 050, GEOID 08041 -- El Paso County, Colorado"}, "range": [378520, 1514080], "editable": true, "theme": "people", "bulk": true}, {"id": "airport_name", "label": "Airport name", "value": "City of Colorado Springs Municipal", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The nearest commercial service airport to this city in the FAA's own traffic file, matched by distance from the Census Bureau's internal point for the city rather than by name.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "FAA, CY2024 Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) Data for U.S. Airports", "date": "CY2024", "url": "https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/arp-cy2024-commercial-service-enplanements.xlsx", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "Locid COS -- City of Colorado Springs Municipal, Colorado Springs CO"}, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "airport"}, {"id": "airport_code", "label": "Airport code", "value": "COS", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The FAA location identifier, which is the key this pack joins the traffic file and the airport coordinate file on.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "FAA, CY2024 Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) Data for U.S. Airports", "date": "CY2024", "url": "https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/arp-cy2024-commercial-service-enplanements.xlsx", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "Locid COS -- City of Colorado Springs Municipal, Colorado Springs CO"}, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "airport"}, {"id": "airport_passengers_year", "label": "Passengers boarding a year", "value": 1248261, "unit": "enplanements/year", "basis": "sourced", "why": "FAA calendar year 2024 ENPLANEMENTS -- passengers BOARDING, which is about half of the arrivals-plus-departures figure an airport press release quotes. This is the federal count, read out of the FAA's own file.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "FAA, CY2024 Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) Data for U.S. Airports", "date": "CY2024", "url": "https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/arp-cy2024-commercial-service-enplanements.xlsx", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "Locid COS -- City of Colorado Springs Municipal, Colorado Springs CO"}, "range": [624130, 2496522], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "airport"}, {"id": "airport_traffic_change_pct", "label": "Change in airport traffic, 2023 to 2024", "value": 4.7, "unit": "%", "basis": "derived", "why": "Whether the airport is growing or shrinking, which says more about the direction of airport ride demand than the level does.", "math": "FAA CY2024 enplanements 1,248,261 against CY2023 1,192,123, both from the same file (https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/arp-cy2024-commercial-service-enplanements.xlsx): (1,248,261 - 1,192,123) / 1,192,123 = 4.7%.", "source": null, "range": [-50, 50], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "airport"}, {"id": "airport_distance_mi", "label": "Airport distance from the city centre", "value": 5.3, "unit": "mi", "basis": "derived", "why": "STRAIGHT-LINE miles from the Census Bureau's internal point for the city to the FAA's published coordinate for the airport. A road trip is longer -- there is no routing engine here and we do not pretend there is -- so treat this as the floor.", "math": "Great-circle distance between the city's Census internal point (38.867255, -104.760749, from the Census Gazetteer place file) and the FAA's airport coordinate (38.805823, -104.700786, from https://services6.arcgis.com/ssFJjBXIUyZDrSYZ/arcgis/rest/services/US_Airport/FeatureServer/0) = 5.3 miles. Straight line, not road miles.", "source": null, "range": [2.7, 13.3], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "airport"}, {"id": "airport_alternatives_note", "label": "Busier airports within reach", "value": "Denver International (DEN) 69 mi away, 40,012,895 boardings a year", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The nearest airport is not always the one people use. These are the busier commercial airports within 120 miles, from the same FAA file, so a reader can see the choice a traveller here actually has.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "FAA, CY2024 Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) Data for U.S. Airports", "date": "CY2024", "url": "https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/arp-cy2024-commercial-service-enplanements.xlsx", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "Locid COS -- City of Colorado Springs Municipal, Colorado Springs CO"}, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "airport"}, {"id": "power_state_avg", "label": "Average price of electricity in this state", "value": 0.1713, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The EIA's own average price to residential customers across Colorado in June 2026. This is the all-in price actually billed, averaged over every utility in the state -- not a tariff line.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.6.A", "date": "June 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_a.xlsx", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "Colorado, June 2026"}, "range": [0.086, 0.343], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "power"}, {"id": "power_state_avg_commercial", "label": "Average business electricity price in this state", "value": 0.1419, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The same EIA table, commercial sector. A depot charging cars overnight is billed on a commercial tariff, not a residential one, so this is usually the closer comparison.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.6.A", "date": "June 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_a.xlsx", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "Colorado, June 2026"}, "range": [0.071, 0.284], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "power"}, {"id": "power_state_avg_ytd", "label": "Average electricity price this year so far", "value": 0.1665, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The same EIA series averaged across the year to date rather than a single month. A tool that models a whole season should lean on this one: a single month can be 5% off the year in either direction, and June 2026 YTD is a season, not a day.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.6.B (year to date)", "date": "June 2026 YTD", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "Colorado, June 2026 YTD"}, "range": [0.083, 0.333], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "power"}, {"id": "power_utility", "label": "Electric utility", "value": "Public Service Co of Colorado", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The electric utility whose EIA-861 service territory includes El Paso County, CO -- the same county this city sits in. Matched on the county, not on the utility's trading name. 8 utilities file a service territory in this county; this is the largest by customers and the others are listed in power_utility_alternatives.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-861 2024, service territory and sales to ultimate customers", "date": "2024", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/zip/f8612024.zip", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "utility Public Service Co of Colorado (#15466), El Paso County County rows, CO"}, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "power"}, {"id": "power_utility_alternatives", "label": "Other utilities in this county", "value": "City of Colorado Springs - (CO) (216,771 customers); CORE Electric Cooperative (165,067 customers); Black Hills Colorado Electric, LLC (89,252 customers); Mountain View Elec Assn, Inc (59,789 customers)", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Every other utility whose EIA-861 service territory covers this county. A city on the edge of a county can be on any of them, so the choice is shown rather than hidden.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-861 2024, service territory and sales to ultimate customers", "date": "2024", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/zip/f8612024.zip", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "utility Public Service Co of Colorado (#15466), El Paso County County rows, CO"}, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "power"}, {"id": "power_utility_rate", "label": "What this utility's residential customers pay on average", "value": 0.1505, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "derived", "why": "Revenue divided by sales for Public Service Co of Colorado, out of the EIA's own annual file. Bundled service only: a delivery-only row charges a delivery fee against the full kilowatt-hours and folding it in produces a rate nobody is billed.", "math": "Form EIA-861 2024 for Public Service Co of Colorado: residential revenue of $1,478,540.7 thousand against 9,826,647 MWh sold. (1,478,540.7 x 1,000 dollars) / (9,826,647 x 1,000 kWh) = $0.1505 a kWh. This is the utility's own average across its whole residential class -- it is not a tariff, and a customer on a particular rate schedule will pay more or less.", "source": null, "range": [0.075, 0.301], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "power"}, {"id": "power_utility_rate_commercial", "label": "What this utility's business customers pay on average", "value": 0.1184, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "derived", "why": "The same calculation for the commercial class, which is the one a leased bay with a charger would be billed on.", "math": "Form EIA-861 2024 for Public Service Co of Colorado: commercial revenue of $1,498,938.1 thousand against 12,655,120 MWh sold, so $0.1184 a kWh.", "source": null, "range": [0.059, 0.237], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "power"}, {"id": "climate_station", "label": "Weather station these figures come from", "value": "COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP, CO US (USW00093037), 5.6 miles from the city centre", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The nearest NOAA station with a complete thirty-year record, chosen by distance from the Census Bureau's internal point for the city. 8 nearer station(s) were skipped because they measure rainfall but not temperature.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, station USW00093037", "date": "1991-2020", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00093037.csv", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP, CO US (USW00093037), 5.6 mi from the city centre"}, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "temp_annual_avg_f", "label": "Average temperature over the year", "value": 50.5, "unit": "F", "basis": "derived", "why": "The mean of the twelve monthly normals, 1991-2020.", "math": "NOAA 1991-2020 monthly normals for station USW00093037: the twelve MLY-TAVG-NORMAL values averaged = 50.5F.", "source": null, "range": [35.5, 65.5], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "temp_coldest_month_avg_f", "label": "Average temperature in the coldest month", "value": 31.7, "unit": "F", "basis": "sourced", "why": "January is the coldest month here on the 1991-2020 normals. Cold is what puts range into a battery pack and puts people into a car instead of on a bike.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, station USW00093037", "date": "1991-2020", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00093037.csv", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP, CO US (USW00093037), 5.6 mi from the city centre"}, "range": [16.7, 46.7], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "temp_hottest_month_avg_f", "label": "Average temperature in the hottest month", "value": 72.4, "unit": "F", "basis": "sourced", "why": "July is the hottest month here on the 1991-2020 normals.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, station USW00093037", "date": "1991-2020", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00093037.csv", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP, CO US (USW00093037), 5.6 mi from the city centre"}, "range": [57.4, 87.4], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "precip_year_in", "label": "Rain and melted snow in a year", "value": 15.91, "unit": "in/year", "basis": "derived", "why": "The twelve monthly precipitation normals added up. Wet weather is one of the few things that reliably lifts ride-hail demand.", "math": "NOAA 1991-2020 monthly normals for station USW00093037: the twelve MLY-PRCP-NORMAL values summed = 15.91 inches a year.", "source": null, "range": [8.0, 28.6], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "wet_days_year", "label": "Days a year with measurable rain", "value": 87.3, "unit": "days/year", "basis": "derived", "why": "Days with at least a hundredth of an inch. The COUNT of wet days moves demand more than the total depth does -- one downpour is one busy evening.", "math": "NOAA 1991-2020 normals for station USW00093037: the twelve MLY-PRCP-AVGNDS-GE001HI values summed = 87.3 days a year.", "source": null, "range": [0, 250], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "snow_year_in", "label": "Snow in a year", "value": 32.5, "unit": "in/year", "basis": "derived", "why": "From station USW00093037, 5.6 miles away -- NOT the temperature station above. Fewer stations report snowfall than report temperature, so the nearest one that does is used and named rather than the figure being written down as zero.", "math": "NOAA 1991-2020 normals for station COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP, CO US (USW00093037), 5.6 miles from the city centre: the twelve MLY-SNOW-NORMAL values summed = 32.5 inches a year.", "source": null, "range": [0, 65], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "snow_days_year", "label": "Days a year with measurable snow", "value": 27.1, "unit": "days/year", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Days with at least a tenth of an inch of snowfall, from the same station as the annual total.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "NOAA NCEI 1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, station USW00093037", "date": "1991-2020", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00093037.csv", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP, CO US (USW00093037), 5.6 mi from the city centre"}, "range": [0, 200], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "weather"}, {"id": "adult_share", "label": "Share of residents who are adults", "value": 0.7817, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "Residents 18 and over in Colorado Springs, CO, from the Census Bureau's own age table. This is the first link in the rides-a-day chain, so it is worth having from the primary file rather than a re-publication of it.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year table B01001 for GEO_ID 1600000US0816000: total population 487,887, of whom 106,484 are under 18 (the eight under-18 age bands for males and females). (487,887 - 106,484) / 487,887 = 0.7817.", "source": null, "range": [0.55, 0.95], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "median_household_income", "label": "What a household here earns in a year", "value": 84818, "unit": "$/year", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The median household income in Colorado Springs, CO. It is the ceiling on what a ride can be priced at before people walk, and it is published for every city in the country.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, table B19013", "date": "2020-2024", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b19013.dat", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-07", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "GEO_ID 1600000US0816000, B19013_E001"}, "range": [42409, 169636], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "no_vehicle_share", "label": "Share of households with no car", "value": 0.044, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "Households in Colorado Springs, CO with no vehicle available. This is the strongest published local signal there is for who has to hire a ride, and it is the one number in this pack that most directly separates a town where everyone drives from one where a fleet has a market.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year table B25044 for GEO_ID 1600000US0816000: 202,515 occupied households, of which 1,431 owner-occupied (B25044_E003) and 7,472 renter-occupied (B25044_E010) have no vehicle available. (1,431 + 7,472) / 202,515 = 0.0440, or 4.4%.", "source": null, "range": [0, 0.6], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "commute_drove_alone_share", "label": "Share who drive to work alone", "value": 0.6999, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "How car-shaped the town is. A place where four in five drive alone is one where a ride is a substitute for a car nobody wants to give up.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year table B08301 for GEO_ID 1600000US0816000: 174,419 of 249,201 workers 16 and over (B08301_E003 / B08301_E001) = 0.6999, or 69.99%.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "commute_transit_share", "label": "Share who take public transport to work", "value": 0.005, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "The competition, and the floor under demand when it stops running at night.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year table B08301 for GEO_ID 1600000US0816000: 1,236 of 249,201 workers 16 and over (B08301_E010 / B08301_E001) = 0.0050, or 0.50%.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "commute_taxi_ridehail_share", "label": "Share who commute by taxi or ride-hail", "value": 0.001, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "The Census counts this line explicitly. It is a small number everywhere, and it is the only published local measurement of ride-hail use there is.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year table B08301 for GEO_ID 1600000US0816000: 247 of 249,201 workers 16 and over (B08301_E016 / B08301_E001) = 0.0010, or 0.10%.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "commute_wfh_share", "label": "Share who work from home", "value": 0.1758, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "Workers who make no commute trip at all, which takes the top off weekday morning demand.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year table B08301 for GEO_ID 1600000US0816000: 43,808 of 249,201 workers 16 and over (B08301_E021 / B08301_E001) = 0.1758, or 17.58%.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "mean_commute_minutes", "label": "How long the average commute takes", "value": 22.7, "unit": "minutes", "basis": "derived", "why": "The mean one-way journey to work in Colorado Springs, CO. It is the best published proxy for how far a typical local trip runs, and the trip-length estimate should be argued against it.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year tables B08013 and B08303 for GEO_ID 1600000US0816000: 4,653,065 aggregate minutes of travel to work divided by 205,393 workers who did not work from home = 22.7 minutes.", "source": null, "range": [5, 60], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "people"}, {"id": "local_cleaner_wage", "label": "What a car cleaner is paid here", "value": 18.12, "unit": "$/hour", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The median hourly wage for Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment (occupation 53-7061) in Colorado Springs, CO, from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' own May 2024 estimates. This is the single biggest component of every cleaning price below, and it is published for every metropolitan AND non-metropolitan area in the country -- which is why a town of three thousand people gets a real figure here and a web search for a local detailer gets nothing.", "math": "BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2024, occupation 53-7061, area area 'Colorado Springs, CO', 640 people employed in it: median hourly wage $18.12. The national median for the same occupation is $16.96, so this town's labour index is 18.12 / 16.96 = 1.068.", "source": {"name": "US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2024", "date": "2024-05", "url": "https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24ma.zip", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-09", "verified_by": "read directly out of the federal bulk file at this URL, matched on a key rather than on a name", "row_key": "OCC_CODE 53-7061, AREA 17820 -- Colorado Springs, CO"}, "range": [10.87, 32.62], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "derived_from": [{"name": "US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2024", "date": "2024-05", "url": "https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24ma.zip", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": 18.12, "unit": "$/hour", "note": "occupation 53-7061, Colorado Springs, CO"}], "theme": "costs"}, {"id": "labour_note", "label": "What hand work costs here", "value": "Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment in Colorado Springs, CO are paid a median of $18.12 an hour (BLS May 2024, occupation 53-7061, 640 employed). The national median for the same job is $16.96, so hand work here costs 107% of what it costs nationally.", "unit": "", "basis": "derived", "why": "The wage that scales every cleaning price below. It is published for every metropolitan and non-metropolitan area in the country, which is why a town of three thousand people gets a real figure where a web search for a local detailer's rate gets nothing.", "math": "Read out of the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics May 2024 bulk files, occupation 53-7061, at the area level. No search was made for it.", "source": null, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": ["local_cleaner_wage"], "bulk": true, "theme": "costs"}, {"id": "local_labour_index", "label": "How this town's labour costs compare with the country", "value": 1.068, "unit": "x national", "basis": "derived", "why": "Everything a person does by hand costs roughly what a person costs here. This one ratio scales every cleaning price in the pack, and it is measured rather than guessed.", "math": "BLS May 2024, occupation 53-7061 (Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment): the area figure for 'Colorado Springs, CO' is $18.12 an hour against $16.96 nationally, so 18.12 / 16.96 = 1.068. This is a genuine local labour market estimate.", "source": null, "range": [0.5, 2.0], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "costs"}, {"id": "local_rent_index", "label": "How this town's property costs compare with the country", "value": 1.166, "unit": "x national", "basis": "derived", "why": "Rent is the other half of a local cost. There is no published rent for small commercial bays anywhere in the country, so the pack uses the one property price that IS published for 32,330 places -- what people pay to rent a home here against what they pay nationally. It is housing, not industrial space, and it is used as a proxy on purpose rather than by accident.", "math": "ACS 2020-2024 5-year table B25064, median gross rent: $1,648 a month in Colorado Springs, CO (place level) against $1,413 for the United States from the same table (GEO_ID 0100000US), so 1648 / 1413 = 1.166.", "source": null, "range": [0.2, 3.0], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "theme": "costs"}, {"id": "clean_wipe_cost", "label": "A quick interior wipe between shifts", "value": 37, "unit": "$", "basis": "derived", "why": "This is a derivation, not a local quote: a national published figure scaled by a published local index. Nobody publishes a quick contracted interior wipe-down in a town this size, because it is a manual service: keeping a price list current is work, and the price is whatever the owner says on the day. A real quote from a real local supplier beats this number, and it is exactly what you should type over it. The national half of it is what Uber and Lyft themselves pay a driver for a minor mess -- published, national, and kept current because money moves on it every day.", "math": "NATIONAL BASELINE $35.00, then scaled to this town.\n  Lyft publishes a flat $25 for minor 'small food/beverage spills, scuff marks, mud, dirt, or animal fur in the car'.\n  Uber publishes $30 to $60 for a minor mess: 'spills or messes that require extensive cleaning' -- centre $45.00.\n  Average of the two operators' central values: ($25 + $45.00) / 2 = $35.00.\n  Both platforms pay the fee straight to the driver, and Uber requires an itemised receipt from a cleaning service for a professional claim, so these tiers are the platforms' own published view of what such a clean costs.\n  LOCAL STEP: $35.00 x labour index 1.068 = $37.\n  DIRECTION OF ERROR, stated rather than hidden: a platform fee prices a MESS, not a booked clean, so it brackets the right number rather than being it. Neither page carries a publication date; both were read on 2026-09-09.", "source": null, "range": [15, 93], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["local_labour_index"], "bulk": true, "derived_from": [{"name": "Lyft, damage fee policy", "date": null, "url": "https://help.lyft.com/hc/en-us/all/articles/115012927367-I-was-charged-a-damage-fee", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": 25.0, "unit": "$", "note": "minor damage"}, {"name": "Uber, driver cleaning fee policy", "date": null, "url": "https://help.uber.com/en/riders/article/uber-driver-cleaning-fee-policy?nodeId=2dba264f-edb9-4ae7-8186-68dd399874f0", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": [30.0, 60.0], "unit": "$", "note": "minor mess"}], "theme": "costs", "game_id": "wipe_cost_contract"}, {"id": "clean_deep_cost", "label": "A full interior clean", "value": 77, "unit": "$", "basis": "derived", "why": "This is a derivation, not a local quote: a national published figure scaled by a published local index. Nobody publishes a full interior detail in a town this size, because it is a manual service: keeping a price list current is work, and the price is whatever the owner says on the day. A real quote from a real local supplier beats this number, and it is exactly what you should type over it. The national half of it is what Uber and Lyft themselves pay a driver for a moderate mess -- published, national, and kept current because money moves on it every day.", "math": "NATIONAL BASELINE $72.50, then scaled to this town.\n  Lyft publishes a flat $75 for moderate 'biowaste outside of the car'.\n  Uber publishes $55 to $85 for a moderate mess: 'larger contained spills or biological messes that require focused cleaning, time, and specialized supplies' -- centre $70.00.\n  Average of the two operators' central values: ($75 + $70.00) / 2 = $72.50.\n  Both platforms pay the fee straight to the driver, and Uber requires an itemised receipt from a cleaning service for a professional claim, so these tiers are the platforms' own published view of what such a clean costs.\n  LOCAL STEP: $72.50 x labour index 1.068 = $77.\n  DIRECTION OF ERROR, stated rather than hidden: a platform fee prices a MESS, not a booked clean, so it brackets the right number rather than being it. Neither page carries a publication date; both were read on 2026-09-09.", "source": null, "range": [31, 194], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["local_labour_index"], "bulk": true, "derived_from": [{"name": "Lyft, damage fee policy", "date": null, "url": "https://help.lyft.com/hc/en-us/all/articles/115012927367-I-was-charged-a-damage-fee", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": 75.0, "unit": "$", "note": "moderate damage"}, {"name": "Uber, driver cleaning fee policy", "date": null, "url": "https://help.uber.com/en/riders/article/uber-driver-cleaning-fee-policy?nodeId=2dba264f-edb9-4ae7-8186-68dd399874f0", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": [55.0, 85.0], "unit": "$", "note": "moderate mess"}], "theme": "costs", "game_id": "deep_clean_cost"}, {"id": "clean_biohazard_cost", "label": "A biohazard clean-out", "value": 162, "unit": "$", "basis": "derived", "why": "This is a derivation, not a local quote: a national published figure scaled by a published local index. Nobody publishes an emergency biohazard clean-out in a town this size, because it is a manual service: keeping a price list current is work, and the price is whatever the owner says on the day. A real quote from a real local supplier beats this number, and it is exactly what you should type over it. The national half of it is what Uber and Lyft themselves pay a driver for a severe mess -- published, national, and kept current because money moves on it every day.", "math": "NATIONAL BASELINE $151.25, then scaled to this town.\n  Lyft publishes a flat $150 for severe 'large biowaste spills that would require specialized cleaning'.\n  Uber publishes $80 to $225 for a severe mess: 'substantial messes involving large amounts of bodily fluids or difficult-to-clean matter across multiple areas' -- centre $152.50.\n  Average of the two operators' central values: ($150 + $152.50) / 2 = $151.25.\n  Both platforms pay the fee straight to the driver, and Uber requires an itemised receipt from a cleaning service for a professional claim, so these tiers are the platforms' own published view of what such a clean costs.\n  LOCAL STEP: $151.25 x labour index 1.068 = $162.\n  DIRECTION OF ERROR, stated rather than hidden: a platform fee prices a MESS, not a booked clean, so it brackets the right number rather than being it. Neither page carries a publication date; both were read on 2026-09-09.", "source": null, "range": [65, 404], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["local_labour_index"], "bulk": true, "derived_from": [{"name": "Lyft, damage fee policy", "date": null, "url": "https://help.lyft.com/hc/en-us/all/articles/115012927367-I-was-charged-a-damage-fee", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": 150.0, "unit": "$", "note": "severe damage"}, {"name": "Uber, driver cleaning fee policy", "date": null, "url": "https://help.uber.com/en/riders/article/uber-driver-cleaning-fee-policy?nodeId=2dba264f-edb9-4ae7-8186-68dd399874f0", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": [80.0, 225.0], "unit": "$", "note": "severe mess"}], "theme": "costs", "game_id": "bio_contractor_cost"}, {"id": "depot_rent_month", "label": "A small commercial bay, per month", "value": 1487, "unit": "$/month", "basis": "derived", "why": "This is a derivation, not a local quote: a national published figure scaled by a published local index. Nobody publishes what a 1,500 square foot bay lets for in a town this size, because small commercial bays let privately, one handshake at a time, and no index tracks them. A real quote from a real local supplier beats this number, and it is exactly what you should type over it.", "math": "NATIONAL BASELINE: Cushman & Wakefield, MarketBeat United States Industrial Q1 2026 reports an overall US industrial asking rent of $10.20 a square foot a year, NNN. 1,500 square feet x $10.20 = $15,300 a year = $1,275.00 a month nationally.\n  LOCAL STEP: $1,275.00 x rent index 1.166 = $1,487 a month.\n  TWO WAYS THIS IS LOW, said rather than hidden: the national figure is the overall industrial average, dominated by large logistics buildings, and a 1,500 square foot service bay asks MORE per square foot than a 500,000 square foot warehouse -- no premium is applied because no published figure supports one. And NNN means taxes, insurance and common-area costs are on top of this. Treat it as a floor. Read on 2026-09-09.", "source": null, "range": [595, 4461], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["local_rent_index"], "bulk": true, "derived_from": [{"name": "Cushman & Wakefield, MarketBeat United States Industrial Q1 2026", "date": "2026-Q1", "url": "https://assets.cushmanwakefield.com/-/media/cw/marketbeat-pdfs/2026/q1/us-reports/national/q12026usindustrialmarketbeat.pdf", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": 10.2, "unit": "$/sq ft/year", "note": "overall US industrial asking rent, NNN"}], "theme": "costs", "game_id": "depot_bay_rent"}, {"id": "insurance_base_month", "label": "Insurance on the first car", "value": 389, "unit": "$/month", "basis": "derived", "why": "This is a derivation, not a local quote: a national published figure scaled by a published local index. Nobody publishes a price for commercial for-hire cover on a single car in a town this size, because a premium is quoted to a particular operator on particular facts, and no insurer publishes a rate table for for-hire cars. A real quote from a real local supplier beats this number, and it is exactly what you should type over it. What stands in for it is general commercial auto adjusted upward for for-hire use, and that adjustment is our judgement, not a published figure.", "math": "NATIONAL BASELINE: Insureon, Commercial auto insurance cost (updated 2026-03-04) reports a median of $245 a month for commercial auto across 100,000 small-business policyholders, calculated as 'the median cost of policies sold by leading insurance carriers to Insureon's small business customers'.\n  FOR-HIRE UPLIFT x1.40 -- THIS IS OUR JUDGEMENT, NOT A PUBLISHED FIGURE. Progressive publish their own 2025 new-policy premium per power unit by class: business auto $276 a month against for-hire specialty truck $734 and for-hire transport truck $926, so their for-hire classes run 2.7 to 3.4 times general business auto. Those classes are TRUCKS; a for-hire passenger car sits between a tradesman's van and a truck, and 1.40 is a conservative reading of that gap.\n  STATE STEP: NAIC 2023 average auto expenditure is $1,452.82 in CO against $1,281.60 countrywide, so the state index is 1452.82 / 1281.60 = 1.134. It is PERSONAL auto -- nobody publishes commercial for-hire premiums by state -- but what it measures is the part that genuinely varies between states: the loss environment, the tort and rate-filing regime, the uninsured rate and the minimum limits.\n  $245 x 1.40 x 1.134 = $389 a month. This is the number in the pack most worth replacing with a real quote. Read on 2026-09-09.", "source": null, "range": [156, 1167], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "bulk": true, "derived_from": [{"name": "Insureon, Commercial auto insurance cost", "date": "2026-03-04", "url": "https://www.insureon.com/small-business-insurance/commercial-auto/cost", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": 245.0, "unit": "$/month", "note": "median commercial auto, small business"}, {"name": "Progressive Commercial, average commercial auto cost by business type", "date": "2025", "url": "https://www.progressivecommercial.com/commercial-auto-insurance/commercial-auto-cost/", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "note": "evidence for the direction and rough size of a for-hire uplift"}, {"name": "National Association of Insurance Commissioners, 2023 Auto Insurance Database Average Premium Supplement, Table 4", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/aut-db_1.pdf", "read_on": "2026-09-09", "value": 1452.82, "unit": "$/year", "note": "CO average expenditure per insured vehicle, personal auto"}], "theme": "costs", "game_id": "insurance_base"}, {"id": "insurance_per_car_month", "label": "Insurance on each car after the first", "value": 331, "unit": "$/month", "basis": "derived", "why": "What each additional vehicle adds to the premium. Lower than the first car because a fleet policy spreads the administrative part of a premium across the vehicles while the risk part scales with them -- which is part of why growing is the way out of the trap.", "math": "$389 (the first car, above) x 0.85 = $331. NOBODY PUBLISHES THAT SPLIT: the 0.85 is ours, and it is the reason a second car is cheaper to run than the first.", "source": null, "range": [132, 993], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["insurance_base_month"], "bulk": true, "theme": "costs", "game_id": "insurance_per_car"}, {"id": "power_offpeak", "theme": "power", "label": "Overnight electricity", "value": 0.098, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "derived", "why": "All-in midnight–06:00 rate on Public Service Co of Colorado (Xcel) Schedule RE-TOU: PUC-published off-peak energy charge (bundled energy + delivery) hour-weighted across 2026 summer and winter, then grossed up by the Q2 2026 RE-TOU Electric Commodity Adjustment; that window is entirely off-peak.", "math": "Colorado PUC TOU table: summer off-peak $0.07884 for 2,584 hours and non-summer off-peak $0.06792 for 5,168 hours. Weighted base = (0.07884×2584 + 0.06792×5168) / 7752 = $0.07156/kWh. Xcel’s Q2 2026 ECA for RE-TOU is 36.89% of the energy charge, so 0.07156 × 1.3689 = $0.098/kWh. Remaining kWh riders (DSMCA, TCA, GRSA, etc.) are still billed on top — typically on the order of ~$0.02 — so this is slightly low vs a full bill; customer/facility charges are omitted because they vanish per kWh at depot volume. Summer-only would be 0.07884 × 1.3689 = $0.108.", "source": null, "range": [0.04, 0.22], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "game_id": "power_offpeak"}, {"id": "power_mid", "theme": "power", "label": "Midday electricity", "value": 0.098, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "derived", "why": "Same as overnight: Xcel/PSCo Schedule RE-TOU has only two periods, and 06:00–16:00 is off-peak (the old mid-peak/shoulder band was eliminated 1 Nov 2025).", "math": "Equals power_offpeak. On-peak is only 5–9 p.m. on non-holiday weekdays; every other hour, including all of 06:00–16:00 and all weekends, bills at the off-peak energy charge.", "source": null, "range": [0.04, 0.22], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["power_offpeak"], "game_id": "power_mid"}, {"id": "power_onpeak", "theme": "power", "label": "Evening on-peak electricity", "value": 0.265, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "derived", "why": "All-in Schedule RE-TOU on-peak energy charge (bundled energy + delivery) hour-weighted across 2026 summer and winter, plus the 36.89% RE-TOU ECA; use this for the expensive evening window, which the tariff sets at 5–9 p.m. weekdays, not the whole 16:00–midnight block.", "math": "PUC table: summer on-peak $0.21277 for 344 hours and non-summer on-peak $0.18331 for 664 hours. Weighted base = (0.21277×344 + 0.18331×664) / 1008 = $0.19336/kWh. Times 1.3689 ECA = $0.265/kWh. Other riders omitted, so slightly low vs a full bill. The 16:00–midnight clock span is mixed (only 17:00–21:00 weekdays is on-peak), so applying this rate to that whole evening block is conservative — high.", "source": null, "range": [0.1, 0.45], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "game_id": "power_onpeak"}, {"id": "power_dcfc", "theme": "power", "label": "Public DC fast charging", "value": 0.68, "unit": "$/kWh", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Public (non-member) peak price at the Tesla Supercharger at Forest Bluffs / Highlands at Briargate in Colorado Springs (16 stalls, open to all EVs); Tesla also posts $0.38/kWh overnight on the same public book, and a ChargePoint CCS stall at 715 Cheyenne Meadows Rd was $0.50/kWh in May 2026. This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "DCFC Tracker (Tesla Forest Bluffs Supercharger)", "date": "2026-09", "url": "https://dcfctracker.com/stations/259728", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [0.25, 1.2], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "game_id": "supercharger_kwh", "federal_check": {"verdict": "confirmed", "subject": "chargers", "claim": "Tesla Supercharger/ChargePoint fast charging here", "federal": "the snapshot lists Colorado Springs, CO - E Tyler St - Tesla Supercharger (Tesla, 12 fast ports, 3.3 mi)", "checked_on": "2026-09-18", "findings": 1}}, {"id": "power_tou_note", "theme": "power", "label": "Time-of-use tariff available", "value": "Yes: default Schedule RE-TOU (residential) and C-TOU (small commercial under 50 kW); on-peak 5–9 p.m. weekdays year-round, all other hours off-peak; customers may opt out to flat R-OO or Schedule C.", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Colorado PUC and PSCo tariff sheets both state that TOU is the default for Xcel residential and small-commercial customers, with a two-period year-round design and an explicit opt-out.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Colorado Public Utilities Commission", "date": "2026-06", "url": "https://puc.colorado.gov/puc-home/energy-and-water/time-of-use-rates-0", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the page carries 10 of the 14 distinctive words in this note", "redirected_from": "https://puc.colorado.gov/time-of-use-rates"}, "range": null, "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "ridehail_present", "theme": "demand", "label": "Ride-hail and taxi services on the ground", "value": "Uber and Lyft run 24/7; zTrip, Pikes Peak Cab and Front Range Rides run taxis. Supply is thin: only 0.1% of workers commute by taxi or ride-hail, 4.4% of households have no car, and the airport TNC curb has six marked pickup spots.", "unit": "", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Operator pages confirm Uber and Lyft and the three airport-listed taxi firms actually serve Colorado Springs today; the Census no-vehicle and taxi-commute shares, plus the six-spot airport TNC loading zone, are the local evidence that the fleet is thin rather than dense-city scale. Unconfirmed -- treated as our estimate.", "math": "Verification failed on https://www.uber.com/global/en/r/cities/colorado-springs-co-us/: the cited page loads but does not carry the figure (the page carries only 5 of the 14 distinctive words in this note). We checked the citation the research pass gave us and could not confirm it, so this number is presented as our own estimate rather than as a published figure.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "transit_note", "theme": "demand", "label": "Public bus evenings and weekends", "value": "Mountain Metro buses run weekdays 5:00 a.m.–10:15 p.m., Saturdays 6:00 a.m.–10:15 p.m., and Sundays 6:00 a.m.–6:30 p.m.; no late-night service and none on Thanksgiving, Christmas, or New Year’s.", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The city’s own transit page is the primary schedule: evening buses stop at 10:15 p.m. most days and 6:30 p.m. on Sundays, so after those hours a trip that would have been a bus has to go by car or a paid ride.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "City of Colorado Springs Mountain Metro", "date": "2026-09", "url": "https://coloradosprings.gov/mountainmetro", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the page carries 9 of the 14 distinctive words in this note"}, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "trip_mi_avg", "theme": "demand", "label": "Average paid trip length", "value": 7.0, "unit": "miles", "basis": "derived", "why": "No one publishes a Colorado Springs ride-hail trip length, so this is the city’s own geography (202.23 sq mi) stepped onto CDOT’s statewide TNC passenger-trip length of 7 miles, which matches Uber’s local 17-minute typical ride better than a dense-core 4–5 mile figure would.", "math": "Land area 202.23 sq mi has equivalent circular radius sqrt(202.23/3.1416) = 8.02 miles, so a typical in-town paid trip should sit below a full cross-city hop. CDOT’s 2019 Emerging Mobility study put Colorado TNC passenger trips at 7 miles (observed 3–8). Uber’s Colorado Springs page says an average ride lasts 17 minutes; at ~25 mph that is 17/60×25 = 7.1 miles. The mean one-way commute here is 22.7 minutes, longer than that 17-minute paid-ride duration, so TNC trips are shorter than commutes — as they usually are. 7.0 miles is the round figure those three lines agree on. Likely a little high if most demand is downtown/Tejon errands; a little low if airport (Uber lists COS at 9 miles), Fort Carson (11 miles) and Manitou Springs (8 miles) dominate.", "source": null, "range": [4.0, 14.0], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "trip_mi_short_share", "theme": "demand", "label": "Share of trips under 3 miles", "value": 0.27, "unit": "share", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Paid rides in a 202-square-mile, high-car-ownership city cannot have the same short-trip mix as national all-mode travel, because walking already takes the sub-mile trips and 4.4% no-vehicle households means few people hail a car for three blocks.", "math": "BTS/DOE reported 52% of all U.S. trips (every mode) were under 3 miles in 2021; that includes walking and is the wrong mix for TNC. Pairing the 7.0-mile mean with a typical right-skewed (lognormal) paid-ride distribution, median near 5 miles, gives P(under 3 miles) ≈ 0.27. Stepped down from the national 0.52 ON this city’s 4.4% no-vehicle share and 8-mile geographic scale: if short trips were really half of TNC demand, the mean could not be 7 miles. Conservative on the low side if downtown bar hops are a larger slice than airport and Garden-of-the-Gods runs.", "source": null, "range": [0.1, 0.5], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["trip_mi_avg"]}, {"id": "trip_mi_long_share", "theme": "demand", "label": "Share of trips over 10 miles", "value": 0.2, "unit": "share", "basis": "estimated", "why": "The same 7-mile mean and sprawling map imply a real tail over 10 miles — COS airport (~9 miles), Fort Carson (11 miles), USAFA and Denver-bound outliers — but not a majority, or the average would sit well above 7.", "math": "Same lognormal as the short-share record (mean 7, median ~5) gives P(over 10 miles) ≈ 0.20. Uber’s own popular-route distances (Manitou Springs 8 miles, Fort Carson 11 miles, COS airport 9 miles, Denver 86 miles) show that over-10-mile work exists but the Denver hop is rare relative to in-town trips. Stepped onto land area 202.23 sq mi and the 22.7-minute commute: this is a spread-out city, so the long tail is fatter than in a walkable core and thinner than a tourist island with one airport run.", "source": null, "range": [0.05, 0.4], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["trip_mi_avg"]}, {"id": "night_share", "theme": "demand", "label": "Share of demand between 9 p.m. and 3 a.m.", "value": 0.16, "unit": "share", "basis": "estimated", "why": "The 21:00–03:00 window is 6/24 of the clock, but this is a car-owning military and outdoor-tourism city, not a nightlife market; the bus dying at 10:15 p.m. (6:30 p.m. Sundays) and 2:00 a.m. last call still put a pulse of paid rides into that window.", "math": "Uniform clock share is 6/24 = 0.25. Step DOWN from 0.25 ON the established 4.4% no-vehicle share (most households can self-drive home from a bar), 17.58% work-from-home (fewer late office-to-bar chains), 0.5% transit commute, and a visitor mix that is daytime outdoor rather than casino-night. Step UP ON Mountain Metro ending at 10:15 p.m. weekdays/Saturdays and 6:30 p.m. Sundays (so 21:00–03:00 has no bus), Colorado on-premises last call at 2:00 a.m., plus Fort Carson/Peterson/USAFA shift changes, hospital nights, and Colorado College/UCCS/Pikes Peak State College. Net 0.16 — below nightlife cities (often 0.25–0.35 citywide) and a bit below uniform. Likely conservative if weekend bar close dominates; high if the visitor economy is almost all daylight.", "source": null, "range": [0.08, 0.3], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["transit_note"]}, {"id": "visitors_year", "theme": "demand", "label": "Annual visitors", "value": 25600000, "unit": "visitors/year", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Visit Colorado Springs’ Longwoods Travel USA profile for calendar year 2025, released 28 May 2026, is the authority’s most recent complete year: 25.6 million visitors to the Pikes Peak Region (not the city limits alone), up 0.3% from 25.5 million in 2024. This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Visit Colorado Springs", "date": "2026-05", "url": "https://www.visitcos.com/media/press-releases/pikes-peak-region-tourism-held-strong-in-2025/", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [5000000, 40000000], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "visitor_party_size", "theme": "demand", "label": "Average visiting party size", "value": 3.0, "unit": "people", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Visit Colorado Springs last published an average travel-party size of 3.0 persons in its 2017 Longwoods profile (released 3 July 2018); later annual profiles dropped the metric. The 2025 profile found 24% of overnight visitors traveled alone, so 3.0 is likely high for today. This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Visit Colorado Springs", "date": "2018-07", "url": "https://www.visitcos.com/media/press-releases/2017-visitor-spending-up-seven-percent-in-the-pikes-peak-region/", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [1.5, 4.5], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "visitor_nights_avg", "theme": "demand", "label": "Average nights per visiting party", "value": 2.6, "unit": "nights", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Visit Colorado Springs’ 2025 Longwoods profile (the same most-recent complete year as the visitor count) reports 2.6 nights for overnight visitors; that is not an all-visitor mean, because 11.2 million of the 25.6 million visits were overnight and the rest were day trips with zero nights. This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Visit Colorado Springs", "date": "2026-05", "url": "https://www.visitcos.com/media/press-releases/pikes-peak-region-tourism-held-strong-in-2025/", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [0, 7], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "rides_reported", "theme": "demand", "label": "Published paid-ride count", "value": 0, "unit": "trips/year", "basis": "estimated", "why": "No current Colorado Springs or El Paso County TNC or taxi trip total is published; a zero here is an audited absence, not a claim that nobody rides.", "math": "Checked the five places in order. (1) Colorado PUC: statewide TNC volume is published (approximately 37 million rides in 2025) but with no city breakout; Large-Market Taxicab operating trip counts stopped being required after 2019, so the 6020 annual reports no longer give Colorado Springs taxi trips. (2) City/county TNC permit reports and open data: data.coloradosprings.gov catalog home has no TNC or taxi trip dataset; the city does not publish for-hire trip totals. (3) Airport: COS monthly traffic releases (e.g. December 2025) count passengers (2,448,001 in 2025) not TNC pickups; ground-transportation rules say a clearinghouse logs TNC geo-fence trips for the airport but that report is not posted. The last published airport TNC figure is a 2018 Gazette share (TNCs carried 43.2% of departing airport passengers in Q1 2018), which is a share, not a trip count. (4) PPACG: the 2050 LRTP public survey reports 94% drive-alone and 8% weekly transit use and does not publish TNC trip counts. (5) Local reporting: 2018 Gazette/PUC clips give zTrip taxi journeys of 297,569 in 2017 (taxi-only, one company, nine years stale). CDOT’s 2019 study modeled 3,680 TNC person trips/day for PPACG in 2018 — a model, not a reported count. None of those is a current all-paid-rides total for this city, so the record is 0.", "source": null, "range": [0, 20000000], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "geography_type", "theme": "geography", "label": "City shape", "value": "multi-district metro", "unit": "", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Colorado Springs is a ~200 sq mi Front Range city with a downtown core, a tourist west side, a northeast master-planned suburb at the Air Force Academy, an east Powers corridor, a southeast airport/Fort Carson edge, and a southwest Broadmoor — not a single-radius town one car covers.", "math": "Visit COS maps many named in-city areas (downtown Tejon, Old Colorado City, Garden of the Gods, Briargate, Powers, Northern Communities at USAFA, Central/UCCS, Southwest/Broadmoor, Southeast). Military demand sits at opposite ends (USAFA north, Fort Carson south) with Garden of the Gods west and COS airport east. That is a metro a fleet must split into districts. The '25 distinct communities' line on Visit COS includes out-of-city towns (Manitou, Woodland Park, Cripple Creek); the in-city split is still multi-district.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["district_count"]}, {"id": "city_radius_mi", "theme": "geography", "label": "City radius", "value": 8.0, "unit": "mi", "basis": "derived", "why": "No official centre-to-edge mile figure is published; this is the equivalent-circle radius of the settled municipal land area (202.23 sq mi), a planning default when the city is treated as one blob.", "math": "r = sqrt(202.23 / pi) = sqrt(64.38) = 8.02, reported as 8.0. Direction: the municipal circle overstates empty east-side ranchland (2013 city figures said only 132 sq mi was developed, r ≈ 6.5) and understates the north-south built axis — USAFA sits immediately north of the city and Fort Carson south, so a trip from downtown to the north edge is farther than 8 miles. Use ~8 as a typical radius, not the farthest demand node.", "source": null, "range": [5, 14], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "district_count", "theme": "geography", "label": "Demand districts", "value": 7, "unit": "", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Seven in-city demand districts a fleet would actually choose between, collapsing Visit COS's tourism neighborhoods into operational clusters rather than counting every historic subdivision.", "math": "Grouped from Visit COS in-city areas: (1) downtown Tejon / EaDo / New South End / Old North End / Colorado College; (2) westside Old Colorado City / Garden of the Gods; (3) southwest Broadmoor / Cheyenne Mountain; (4) central UCCS / Memorial Central; (5) northeast Briargate / Northgate / USAFA; (6) east Powers corridor / Memorial North; (7) southeast airport / Fort Carson edge. Downtown slices are one district; Manitou, Woodland Park and Cripple Creek are outside the city and not counted. Editable 5–10 if an editor splits Powers from the airport or merges west+southwest.", "source": null, "range": [5, 10], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "districts_note", "theme": "geography", "label": "Named districts", "value": "downtown Tejon; westside/Old Colorado City/Garden of the Gods; southwest/Broadmoor; central UCCS/Memorial; northeast Briargate/USAFA; east Powers corridor; southeast airport/Fort Carson", "unit": "", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Short names for the seven fleet districts, taken from the city's own tourism-area labels plus the military/airport nodes those pages point at.", "math": "Names are Visit COS area titles (Downtown Tejon Corridor, Old Colorado City, Greater Garden of the Gods, Southwest COS, Central COS, Briargate, Northern Communities, Powers, Southeast COS) folded into seven demand districts. USAFA is called out because Northern Communities is 'where InterQuest meets Northgate up by the U.S. Air Force Academy'; Fort Carson and COS airport sit on the southeast edge.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["district_count"]}, {"id": "airport_flights_note", "theme": "geography", "label": "Airport flight pattern", "value": "Spoke, not a hub: 12 daily United flights to Denver plus 5 daily American to DFW, twice-daily Delta to ATL and SLC, Southwest leisure (DEN/LAS/PHX/DAL and others), Allegiant 2x weekly to AZA/SNA/PIE — 15+ destinations", "unit": "", "basis": "derived", "why": "COS is a spoke with a heavy Denver shuttle and connections to the big Texas/Atlanta/Chicago/Salt Lake hubs plus Southwest/Allegiant leisure — a different demand pattern from a two-flight town or a connecting hub.", "math": "City of Colorado Springs February 2026 airport update (retrieved): United 12 daily DEN + twice-daily IAH + ORD (rising to 2 daily from 6 Apr 2026); American 5 daily DFW + daily ORD; Delta twice-daily ATL except Saturdays + twice-daily SLC + seasonal daily MSP Jun–Sep; Southwest up to 3 daily DEN plus MDW/DAL/HOU/LAS/PHX/SAN (5 days/week)/SAT/CUN; Allegiant twice-weekly AZA, SNA, PIE. Named daily frequencies already sum to 12+2+1+5+1+2+2+3 = 28 weekday passenger departures before the rest of Southwest and Allegiant, so a typical weekday is the high 20s to 30s, not two flights. Destinations listed on that page are a dozen-plus year-round plus seasonal MSP/SAT/CUN.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "generators_note", "theme": "geography", "label": "Demand generators", "value": "Fort Carson (32,410 military/civilian/contractors, Feb 2025); USAFA (~4,100 cadets, just north); Peterson Space Force Base; UCHealth Memorial Central (404 available beds) and North (140); Penrose Hospital (300 licensed beds); UCCS; Pikes Peak State College; Colorado College; Garden of the Gods; Olympic Training Center / Broadmoor", "unit": "", "basis": "estimated", "why": "The named generators that actually move people: the south-side Army post, the north-side Air Force Academy, Space Force at Peterson, the two hospital systems, the colleges, and the tourist/Olympic west-southwest.", "math": "Fort Carson 32,410 from the Gazette citing the U.S. Army (Feb 2025). USAFA cadets 4,094 (USAFA Wikipedia infobox, 2024) / 4,114 (Colorado colleges list, Fall 2024). Memorial Central 404 available beds and North 140 from UCHealth. Penrose 300 licensed beds from CommonSpirit. Colleges as in college_enrollment. Garden of the Gods and the Olympic Training Center/Broadmoor are the visitor magnets; no visitor count is included because the pages opened for this pack did not carry a single current official headcount I could quote. Colorado Technical University's 31,830 Fall 2024 headcount is omitted — it is a mostly-online university, not a 32k on-campus generator.", "source": null, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["hospital_beds", "college_enrollment"], "federal_check": {"verdict": "skipped", "subject": "hospitals", "claim": "hospital bed count", "federal": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)", "checked_on": "2026-09-18", "findings": 3}}, {"id": "hospital_beds", "theme": "geography", "label": "Largest hospital beds", "value": 404, "unit": "beds", "basis": "sourced", "why": "Available beds at UCHealth Memorial Hospital Central, the largest single hospital campus in the city (UCHealth's own FY2025 southern Colorado fact sheet). This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "UCHealth Southern Colorado Region Fact Sheet FY2025", "date": "2025-08", "url": "https://uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/20111121/FY25-UCHealth-Southern-Colorado-Fact-Sheet-10.2025.pdf", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [250, 600], "editable": true, "depends_on": null, "federal_check": {"verdict": "skipped", "subject": "hospitals", "claim": "hospital bed count", "federal": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)", "checked_on": "2026-09-18", "findings": 1}}, {"id": "college_enrollment", "theme": "geography", "label": "College enrollment", "value": 30607, "unit": "students", "basis": "derived", "why": "Sum of Fall 2024 campus headcounts for the city's colleges, including USAFA cadets immediately north of town and excluding Colorado Technical University's mostly-online 31,830.", "math": "From the Colorado colleges Wikipedia list (Fall 2024): UCCS 11,354 + Pikes Peak State College 12,556 + Colorado College 2,056 + USAFA 4,114 + Nazarene Bible College 527 = 30,607. UCCS's own Fall 2025 census is 11,153 (a bit lower). CCCS publishes PPSC total enrollment 20,685 including non-credit; using that instead would raise the sum to about 38,700. USAFA is a separate CDP just north of city limits but is listed as Colorado Springs and is a real demand node — dropping it would cut the total to 26,493. CTU 31,830 is left out as not on-campus demand. Likely conservative vs a 'bodies in town' reading that added PPSC non-credit; not conservative if someone expected CTU.", "source": null, "range": [20000, 45000], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "events_note", "theme": "geography", "label": "Annual events", "value": "Territory Days (May, Old Colorado City); Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (June); Pikes Peak or Bust Rodeo / NFR Open (July); Labor Day Lift Off balloon festival (September, Memorial Park); Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon (September); Pikes Peak Regional Airshow (September)", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The recurring events Visit COS lists that actually fill parks, downtown, the mountain road, the rodeo grounds and the airport — named only from that 2026 annual-events calendar. This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Visit Colorado Springs", "date": "2026-09", "url": "https://www.visitcos.com/events/annual/", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the page carries 14 of the 14 distinctive words in this note"}, "range": [0, 1], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "insurance_min_liability", "theme": "costs", "label": "Colorado TNC minimum liability", "value": "$1,000,000 per occurrence during a prearranged ride; $50,000/$100,000/$30,000 while logged in but not engaged", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "C.R.S. § 40-10.1-604 is the state TNC insurance statute: $1 million primary liability per occurrence while a rider is in the vehicle, and $50k/$100k/$30k while the driver is on the app awaiting a ride. Those are the state-required TNC minima, not ordinary personal-auto limits. Uninsured-motorist $200k/$400k is also required during a prearranged ride but is not liability.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Colorado Revised Statutes 2024, § 40-10.1-604 (Colorado General Assembly)", "date": "2024", "url": "https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2024-title-40.pdf", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the page carries 4 of the 7 distinctive words in this note"}, "range": [30000, 2000000], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "registration_note", "theme": "costs", "label": "TNC and for-hire vehicle registration", "value": "TNC cars need ordinary Colorado passenger registration only; the TNC company (not each car) pays a 2026 PUC permit of $16,000, $79,000, or $111,000 by tier.", "unit": "", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The Colorado PUC TNC industry page is the maintained 2026 fee schedule under C.R.S. § 40-10.1-606 and Rule 6702(e): Tier 1 $111,000, Tier 2 $79,000, Tier 3 $16,000. Driver FAQs on the same page require a Colorado vehicle registration, not a per-vehicle PUC stamp. PUC vehicle stamps ($51) apply to motor carriers (taxi/limo), not TNC personal cars; Colorado Springs publishes a city pedal-cab license only, not a taxi/TNC vehicle fee.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Colorado Public Utilities Commission — TNC / rideshare industry info", "date": "2026-09", "url": "https://puc.colorado.gov/transportation-network-companies/rideshare-industry-info", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the page carries 7 of the 12 distinctive words in this note"}, "range": [16000, 111250], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "parking_month", "theme": "costs", "label": "Downtown monthly parking", "value": 90, "unit": "$/month", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The City of Colorado Springs Parking System Enterprise publishes the current municipal garage monthly permit at $90. That is downtown covered parking. City surface lots are $50/month and evening garage permits (3 p.m.–7 a.m.) are $40; private lots can run higher.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "City of Colorado Springs Parking System Enterprise", "date": "2026-09", "url": "https://coloradosprings.gov/parking", "tier": "primary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [0, 250], "editable": true, "depends_on": null}, {"id": "ridehail_ever_share", "label": "US adults who have ever used a ride-hailing app", "value": 0.36, "unit": "share", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The published national benchmark the local figure is built from. It is pinned in the pipeline rather than researched fresh each time, because asking a language model for a published fact four times returns four answers, and that variance was landing straight in rides per day. The page is still fetched and checked on every run. This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": null, "source": {"name": "Pew Research Center", "date": "2019-01-04", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/04/more-americans-are-using-ride-hailing-apps/", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [0.2, 0.55], "editable": true, "theme": "demand", "depends_on": null}, {"id": "ridehail_active_share_of_users", "label": "Of people who have ever used it, the share who ride in a given month", "value": 0.32, "unit": "share", "basis": "sourced", "why": "The second half of the same national survey, taken from the same page so that the two halves describe the same population. Ten per cent of users ride at least weekly and another 22% monthly; the other 67% ride less than once a month. This is a secondary source -- it republishes a figure it did not itself produce.", "math": "0.10 riding at least weekly + 0.22 riding monthly = 0.32 of ever-users taking a trip in a given month. The complement the page prints, 67% riding less than monthly, agrees with it to within rounding.", "source": {"name": "Pew Research Center", "date": "2019-01-04", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/04/more-americans-are-using-ride-hailing-apps/", "tier": "secondary", "verified_on": "2026-09-13", "verified_by": "the exact quoted text is on the page"}, "range": [0.2, 0.5], "editable": true, "theme": "demand", "depends_on": null}, {"id": "ridehail_local_multiplier", "label": "How much more, or less, this town hires rides than the country does", "value": 0.449, "unit": "x national", "basis": "derived", "why": "The step from the national figure to this town, built only from measured Census figures so that it is the same number every time it is computed. It replaces the sentence a language model used to write here -- '0.115 x 1.25 plus a modest nightlife premium' -- in which the premium was invisible and unrepeatable.", "math": "Two measured local signals, each taken against the same figure summed over all 3144 county rows of the same ACS 2020-2024 file. Households with no vehicle: 0.0440 here against 0.0835 nationally = 0.53x. Workers commuting by taxi or ride-hail (ACS B08301_016, a line the Census counts explicitly): 0.00100 here against 0.00261 nationally = 0.38x. Each ratio is clamped to 0.25-4.00 because one ACS cell in a small place rests on very few responses, then blended as a geometric mean because these are ratios, giving 0.45x, clamped to 0.30-3.50. WHAT THIS CANNOT SEE: whether drivers are actually available. In a small town supply, not demand, is usually what binds.", "source": null, "range": [0.22, 0.9], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["no_vehicle_share", "commute_taxi_ridehail_share"], "theme": "demand"}, {"id": "ridehail_month_share", "label": "Local adults taking a ride-hail trip in a given month", "value": 0.0517, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "The share of adults in Colorado Springs who hire a ride in a typical month. This is one of the two numbers that decide rides per day, so it is now computed rather than judged: nothing about it is asked of a language model.", "math": "Computed, not estimated. 0.36 of US adults have ever used a ride-hail app x 0.32 of those users taking a trip in a given month = 0.1152 of US adults in a typical month (fall 2018 survey, Pew Research Center). Stepped to this town by the measured multiplier of 0.45x: 0.1152 x 0.45 = 0.0517. CHANGE THIS FIRST IF YOU KNOW THE TOWN. It and the visitor chain are the two numbers the whole ride estimate turns on, and this one is built from a national survey and two Census ratios -- it cannot see how many drivers are actually on the road here, which in a small market is usually the real limit. The editable band runs 0.0207 to 0.1293, roughly 0.4x to 2.5x, which is how uncertain this honestly is. Pew's State of Gig Work (December 2021) separately found that 22% of US adults had used a ride-hailing app in the previous twelve months. A national monthly share of 11.5% sits sensibly inside that; it would not if the monthly share were near the annual one.", "source": null, "range": [0.0207, 0.1293], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["ridehail_ever_share", "ridehail_active_share_of_users", "ridehail_local_multiplier"], "theme": "demand"}, {"id": "trips_per_user_month", "label": "Trips a month, per local who rides at all that month", "value": 2.3, "unit": "trips", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Counted only over the people who are active in that month, so it can never be below 1. It multiplies the entire resident stream, which is why it is drawn several times rather than once.", "math": "How many rides a local who uses ride-hail at all in a month takes in that month. Drawn 5 times independently with no web search, so that the run-to-run wobble is measured rather than hidden: 2.3, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.2. The MEDIAN, 2.3, is used; the draws spanned 2.2 to 2.4, a factor of 1.09. With only 0.044 of households car-free and a 22.7-minute drive commute, active local users take a small handful of trips (nights out, airport, car down).", "source": null, "range": [1.0, 6.0], "editable": true, "theme": "demand", "depends_on": null}, {"id": "visitor_air_arrival_share", "label": "Share of visitors who arrive by air", "value": 0.0488, "unit": "share", "basis": "derived", "why": "A party that flies in has two airport transfers to make and no car; a party that drives in has neither. This is the fork the whole visitor chain turns on, and where two published counts exist it is division rather than judgement.", "math": "1,248,261 boardings at COS in calendar 2024 (FAA, a federal file) divided by 25,600,000 visitors a year = 0.049. Boardings count DEPARTING passengers, and one visiting party that flies in also flies out, so this is the share of visitors who came by air. DIRECTION OF ERROR, STATED: boardings also include residents flying out on their own trips, so this OVERSTATES the visitor air share, and by more in a city whose residents fly a lot. It is capped at 0.95.", "source": null, "range": [0.024, 0.073], "editable": true, "depends_on": ["airport_passengers_year", "visitors_year"], "theme": "demand", "federal_check": {"verdict": "confirmed", "subject": "airports", "claim": "1,248,261 passengers or enplanements", "federal": "the note gives 1,248,261; FAA CY2024 enplanements for COS = 1,248,261 -- within 5%", "checked_on": "2026-09-18", "findings": 1}}, {"id": "visitor_airport_ridehail_share", "label": "Of air arrivals, the share whose airport transfer is a hired ride", "value": 0.2, "unit": "share", "basis": "estimated", "why": "The rest rent a car, take a hotel or casino shuttle, ride a rail or bus link, or get a lift. This is judgement -- no federal file counts it -- but it is a narrow question about one airport rather than an open one about a whole city.", "math": "How many air-arriving parties hire their ride from the airport. Drawn 5 times independently with no web search, so that the run-to-run wobble is measured rather than hidden: 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.22, 0.23. The MEDIAN, 0.2, is used; the draws spanned 0.2 to 0.23, a factor of 1.15. COS is only 5.3 miles from the centre with no rail, so non-rental air parties default to ride-hail, but a car-oriented market still puts most air-visitor transfers in rental cars or personal pickups.", "source": null, "range": [0.05, 0.8], "editable": true, "theme": "demand", "depends_on": null}, {"id": "visitor_local_trips_per_stay", "label": "Hired rides a visiting party takes in town, per visit", "value": 0.7, "unit": "trips", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Trips during the stay, not counting the two airport transfers. A resort where everything is walkable from the hotel is low; a spread-out city is higher.", "math": "How many hired rides a visiting party takes while it is here, excluding the airport transfers. Drawn 5 times independently with no web search, so that the run-to-run wobble is measured rather than hidden: 0.7, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.55. The MEDIAN, 0.7, is used; the draws spanned 0.4 to 1, a factor of 2.50. A 2.6-night stay in a 202-square-mile spread-out city would need Ubers if carless, but most parties of 3 already have a car so local ride-hail is only occasional.", "source": null, "range": [0.0, 5.0], "editable": true, "theme": "demand", "depends_on": null}, {"id": "visitor_trips_per_stay", "label": "Hired rides one visiting party takes per visit, all in", "value": 0.72, "unit": "trips", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Every hired ride one visiting PARTY takes on one visit, airport transfers included. Per party and per visit -- not per head and not per night. A party shares one car, so a count of visitors is never a count of rides.", "math": "Built from its parts rather than answered as one number, because answered as one number it came back 1.2 on one run and 3.5 on the next and moved the whole town's ride estimate by a factor of three. 2 airport transfers x 0.049 arriving by air x 0.200 of those hiring a ride = 0.020, plus 0.700 trips in town = 0.720 trips a party. Pushing every judgement piece to its own measured extreme gives a range of 0.41 to 1.03. CHANGE THIS FIRST IF YOU KNOW THE TOWN -- this and the monthly ride-hail share are the two numbers the whole estimate rests on, and this one is judgement about tourists that no federal file counts.", "source": null, "range": [0.0, 8.0], "editable": true, "theme": "demand", "depends_on": null}, {"id": "rides_per_day", "label": "Rides a day, whole town", "value": 18346, "unit": "rides/day", "basis": "estimated", "why": "Total app-hailed trips a day across every operator in the city -- the pool your fleet competes for a share of, not the number you will get.", "math": "Nobody publishes rides per day for a town this size, so this is built as a chain and every link is visible. People living here = 494743 (a published figure); Share of residents who are adults = 0.7817 (worked out from published figures); Local adults taking a ride-hail trip in a given month = 0.0517 (worked out from published figures); Trips a month, per local who rides at all that month = 2.3 (our estimate); Annual visitors = 25600000 (a published figure); Average visiting party size = 3.0 (a published figure); Hired rides one visiting party takes per visit, all in = 0.72 (our estimate). Residents: 494,743 people x 0.7817 adults = 386,741 adults; x 0.0517 who take a ride-hail trip in a given month = 19,994 people; x 2.3 trips each a month = 45,987 trips a month; divided by 30.4 days = 1,513 resident rides a day. Visitors: 25,600,000 a year / 3.0 people in a party = 8,533,333 visiting parties; x 0.72 ride-hail trips a party takes while it is here / 365 days = 16,833 visitor rides a day. A party shares one car, so a count of visitors is not a count of rides. Visitors are 92% of this total, so the answer turns on the visitor figures more than on the residents. Total: 18,346 rides a day across ALL operators, not just yours. RANGE, HONESTLY: running the same arithmetic with every judgement link at its own low bound gives 10,165 rides a day, and at its own high bound 28,122. The 18,346 above is the midpoint of a real range, not a measurement. The bounds are this run's own -- the panel's lowest and highest draws and the computed share's editable band -- so the width of this range is a report of how unsure the research was. NO CROSS-CHECK EXISTS, AND THE SEARCH IS ON THE RECORD. Checked the five places in order. (1) Colorado PUC: statewide TNC volume is published (approximately 37 million rides in 2025) but with no city breakout; Large-Market Taxicab operating trip counts stopped being required after 2019, so the 6020 annual reports no longer give Colorado Springs taxi trips. (2) City/county TNC permit reports and open data: data.coloradosprings.gov catalog home has no TNC or taxi trip dataset; the city does not publish for-hire trip totals. (3) Airport: COS monthly traffic releases (e.g. December 2025) count passengers (2,448,001 in 2025) not TNC pickups; ground-transportation rules say a clearinghouse logs TNC geo-fence trips for the airport but that report is not posted. The last published airport TNC figure is a 2018 Gazette share (TNCs carried 43.2% of departing airport passengers in Q1 2018), which is a share, not a trip count. (4) PPACG: the 2050 LRTP public survey reports 94% drive-alone and 8% weekly transit use and does not publish TNC trip counts. (5) Local reporting: 2018 Gazette/PUC clips give zTrip taxi journeys of 297,569 in 2017 (taxi-only, one company, nine years stale). CDOT’s 2019 study modeled 3,680 TNC person trips/day for PPACG in 2018 — a model, not a reported count. None of those is a current all-paid-rides total for this city, so the record is 0. Nothing independent confirms this chain. That absence is stated rather than hidden: a pack with no cross-check is weaker than one with a disagreeing cross-check, because the disagreeing one at least tells you which way you might be wrong. Direction of uncertainty: this counts only app-hailed rides and ignores taxis, shuttles, non-emergency medical transport and the airport's own courtesy runs, so it is more likely low than high. It also assumes supply exists to meet the demand, which in a small town is often the binding constraint rather than demand itself.", "source": null, "range": [4586, 73382], "editable": true, "low": 10165, "high": 28122, "cross_check": {"has_cross_check": false, "search_was_audited": true, "searched": "Checked the five places in order. (1) Colorado PUC: statewide TNC volume is published (approximately 37 million rides in 2025) but with no city breakout; Large-Market Taxicab operating trip counts stopped being required after 2019, so the 6020 annual reports no longer give Colorado Springs taxi trips. (2) City/county TNC permit reports and open data: data.coloradosprings.gov catalog home has no TNC or taxi trip dataset; the city does not publish for-hire trip totals. (3) Airport: COS monthly traffic releases (e.g. December 2025) count passengers (2,448,001 in 2025) not TNC pickups; ground-transportation rules say a clearinghouse logs TNC geo-fence trips for the airport but that report is not posted. The last published airport TNC figure is a 2018 Gazette share (TNCs carried 43.2% of departing airport passengers in Q1 2018), which is a share, not a trip count. (4) PPACG: the 2050 LRTP public survey reports 94% drive-alone and 8% weekly transit use and does not publish TNC trip counts. (5) Local reporting: 2018 Gazette/PUC clips give zTrip taxi journeys of 297,569 in 2017 (taxi-only, one company, nine years stale). CDOT’s 2019 study modeled 3,680 TNC person trips/day for PPACG in 2018 — a model, not a reported count. None of those is a current all-paid-rides total for this city, so the record is 0.", "verdict": ["none", "five named sources were checked and none of them publishes a trip count for this city"], "our_estimate_per_day": 18346, "our_range_per_day": [4586, 73382]}, "theme": "people", "federal_check": {"verdict": "confirmed", "subject": "population", "claim": "494,743 people", "federal": "the note says 494,743; the Census file says Colorado Springs city 494,743 (Census vintage 2025) -- within 5%", "checked_on": "2026-09-18", "findings": 1}}], "notes": {"power": "TERRITORY: Colorado Springs city proper is served by Colorado Springs Utilities (municipal), not Public Service Co of Colorado. The EIA-861 match used in this pack is county-level (El Paso), which also includes Xcel and co-op pockets. A depot inside city limits should use CSU Energy Wise, not the Xcel figures above. CSU’s own pages (standard TOU since Oct 2025; on-peak 5–9 p.m. weekdays): off-peak remains ~$0.07/kWh year-round; winter on-peak ~$0.15; summer on-peak ~$0.29 (CSU blog 2026-06-01). Xcel numbers here are Schedule RE-TOU energy charges from the PUC table / Proceeding 24AL-0377E tariff sheets (summer off 0.07884, winter off 0.06792, summer on 0.21277, winter on 0.18331) plus Q2 2026 ECA 36.89%; other riders are not in the 0.098/0.265 figures, so they run a little low. Small-commercial C-TOU energy charges are lower (summer off 0.06464, winter off 0.05755 on the same tariff sheets). Tesla DCFC is time-varying; ChargePoint GPM at 715 Cheyenne Meadows Rd was $0.50/kWh as of 2026-05-14.", "demand": "Visitors_year is the Pikes Peak Region Longwoods total for calendar year 2025 (25.6 million), not a Colorado Springs city-limits count; 11.2 million of those were overnight and about 14.4 million were day trips. A residents-only chain would be badly wrong because this is a tourist region, but most overnight visitors still arrive by personal vehicle (Visit COS 2017: about six in ten), so visitor ride-hail is a slice of 25.6 million, not a 1:1 conversion. Visitor_party_size 3.0 is the last published Longwoods party size (2017); the 2025 profile’s 24% solo overnight travelers implies the current mean is lower — editors should treat 3.0 as high. Visitor_nights_avg 2.6 is overnight-only; day-trippers stay 0 nights. Rides_reported is an audited zero: PUC statewide 37 million TNC rides in 2025 has no Springs breakout; airport and city portals do not publish TNC pickups. Local demand context used as instructed: 4.4% of households have no vehicle, mean commute 22.7 minutes, 0.5% transit commute, 0.1% taxi/ride-hail commute, 17.58% work from home.", "geography": "Land-area radius uses the settled bulk figure 202.23 sq mi (equivalent circle 8.0 mi), not Wikipedia's 2020 census 195.4 land / 195.761 total. That municipal circle includes vacant east-side ranchland; 2013 city figures said only 132 sq mi was developed. USAFA is immediately north of city limits (own CDP) but is treated as a COS demand generator. Hospital 404 is UCHealth Memorial Central available beds on the FY2025 fact sheet (revision 8.7.2025); Memorial North is 140 and Penrose is 300 licensed — do not add them into hospital_beds. The PDF lists MHC 404 on the Available beds block; a verifier should search the PDF for '404' next to MHC. College total is Fall 2024 campus headcounts from the state college list; UCCS Fall 2025 census is 11,153. CTU's 31,830 is omitted as mostly online. Airport note is built from the city's February 2026 route list (published 27 Mar 2026); named daily frequencies already total 28 weekday departures before remaining Southwest/Allegiant, so this is a spoke with a heavy DEN shuttle, not two flights a day. Do not reuse Wikipedia passenger totals here — boardings are already settled from FAA bulk as 1,248,261 for 2024.", "costs": "Insurance figures are from the official CRS 2024 Title 40 PDF (§ 40-10.1-604); the same text is reprinted at colorado.public.law. Period-1 $50k/$100k/$30k is on that same statute page as the $1 million prearranged-ride limit. Registration costs on the PUC TNC page are company permit tiers, not a per-car stamp; TNC drivers use personal plates plus ordinary Colorado registration (DMV weight/age/SOT stack, not a flat statewide dollar). PUC limited-regulation / common-carrier pages list a $51 vehicle identification stamp and a $515 limited-reg filing for taxi/limo motor carriers — those do not apply to TNC personal vehicles. Colorado Springs city code licenses pedal-cabs ($110) but not TNC or taxi vehicles; those are state PUC. Parking $90 is the downtown municipal garage monthly rate on the city’s own parking page (lots $50). Prearranged-ride fees ($0.36 standard / $0.19 ZEV for July 2026–June 2027 at tax.colorado.gov) are a per-ride TNC tax, not a vehicle registration item, so they are omitted from registration_note."}, "gaps": ["visitor_local_trips_per_stay: the panel's own draws disagreed by 2.5x (0.7, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.55), so this component is not settled", "rides_per_day: the five named sources were checked and none publishes a trip count for this city, so the estimate stands on its own arithmetic"], "counts": {"total": 80, "sourced": 31, "derived": 35, "estimated": 14}, "applies_to_game": {"overrides": 10, "how": "A record carrying `game_id` replaces that id in the game's assumptions.js when this city is selected. The rest of the pack is city context the model has no slot for yet -- rides per day, the trip-length split, the airport's traffic, the demand generators -- and is stated rather than quietly mapped onto something it is not.", "unmapped": ["adult_share", "airport_alternatives_note", "airport_code", "airport_distance_mi", "airport_flights_note", "airport_name", "airport_passengers_year", "airport_traffic_change_pct", "city_radius_mi", "climate_station", "college_enrollment", "commute_drove_alone_share", "commute_taxi_ridehail_share", "commute_transit_share", "commute_wfh_share", "density", "district_count", "districts_note", "events_note", "generators_note", "geography_type", "hospital_beds", "insurance_min_liability", "labour_note", "land_area_sqmi", "local_cleaner_wage", "local_labour_index", "local_rent_index", "mean_commute_minutes", "median_household_income", "metro_population", "night_share", "no_vehicle_share", "parking_month", "population", "power_state_avg", "power_state_avg_commercial", "power_state_avg_ytd", "power_tou_note", "power_utility", "power_utility_alternatives", "power_utility_rate", "power_utility_rate_commercial", "precip_year_in", "registration_note", "ridehail_active_share_of_users", "ridehail_ever_share", "ridehail_local_multiplier", "ridehail_month_share", "ridehail_present", "rides_per_day", "rides_reported", "snow_days_year", "snow_year_in", "temp_annual_avg_f", "temp_coldest_month_avg_f", "temp_hottest_month_avg_f", "transit_note", "trip_mi_avg", "trip_mi_long_share", "trip_mi_short_share", "trips_per_user_month", "visitor_air_arrival_share", "visitor_airport_ridehail_share", "visitor_local_trips_per_stay", "visitor_nights_avg", "visitor_party_size", "visitor_trips_per_stay", "visitors_year", "wet_days_year"]}, "source_mix": {"with_a_citation": 31, "primary": 23, "secondary": 8, "tier_unknown": 0, "no_citation_derived_or_estimated": 49, "read_from_a_federal_bulk_file": 43, "how": "A `primary` citation is the body that produced the figure -- a .gov file, or the utility, airport or operator publishing its own number. `secondary` is somebody re-publishing a number they did not produce. Records with no citation are the derived and estimated ones, and their working is in `math`."}, "bulk_sources": {"records": 43, "records_needing_no_citation_check": 18, "record_ids": ["adult_share", "airport_alternatives_note", "airport_code", "airport_distance_mi", "airport_name", "airport_passengers_year", "airport_traffic_change_pct", "clean_biohazard_cost", "clean_deep_cost", "clean_wipe_cost", "climate_station", "commute_drove_alone_share", "commute_taxi_ridehail_share", "commute_transit_share", "commute_wfh_share", "density", "depot_rent_month", "insurance_base_month", "insurance_per_car_month", "labour_note", "land_area_sqmi", "local_cleaner_wage", "local_labour_index", "local_rent_index", "mean_commute_minutes", "median_household_income", "metro_population", "no_vehicle_share", "population", "power_state_avg", "power_state_avg_commercial", "power_state_avg_ytd", "power_utility", "power_utility_alternatives", "power_utility_rate", "power_utility_rate_commercial", "precip_year_in", "snow_days_year", "snow_year_in", "temp_annual_avg_f", "temp_coldest_month_avg_f", "temp_hottest_month_avg_f", "wet_days_year"], "how": "These came out of national files that cover every city in the country. The file is downloaded ONCE and shared by every city in the run; the city is matched to its row by a key -- a place or county FIPS code, an FAA airport identifier, or a coordinate -- never by name. They do not go through the citation verifier, because there is no cited page to check: the federal file is the source. 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That is the half of a pack no federal file will ever carry, and it is the half worth having: Dover, Tennessee is a town of 1,918 people in the federal files and nothing more, and what makes it interesting is that 84% of its rides are visitors to Fort Donelson National Battlefield.", "derived_rather_than_researched": "Cleaning, depot rent and insurance USED to be researched and are not any more. They are manual-service prices that nobody publishes, because maintaining a price page is work and the price is whatever the owner says on the day. Searching for them found nothing at all in the smallest town and found ONE detailer's advertised price in the others, which was then stamped `sourced` -- a claim of rigour a sample of one does not have. Each is now a national published baseline times a published local index (BLS area wages for hand work, ACS median gross rent for property, NAIC state expenditure for insurance), with the arithmetic in `math`. 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"url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "generators_note", "basis_in": "estimated", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "hospital_beds", "basis_in": "sourced", "url": "https://uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/20111121/FY25-UCHealth-Southern-Colorado-Fact-Sheet-10.2025.pdf", "status": 200, "url_ok": true, "figure_ok": true, "tier": "secondary", "detail": "the exact quoted text is on the page", "action": "kept"}, {"id": "college_enrollment", "basis_in": "derived", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "events_note", "basis_in": "sourced", "url": "https://www.visitcos.com/events/annual/", "status": 200, "url_ok": true, "figure_ok": true, "tier": "secondary", "detail": "the page carries 14 of the 14 distinctive words in this note", "action": "kept"}, {"id": "insurance_min_liability", "basis_in": "sourced", "url": "https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2024-title-40.pdf", "status": 200, "url_ok": true, "figure_ok": true, "tier": "primary", "detail": "the page carries 4 of the 7 distinctive words in this note", "action": "kept"}, {"id": "registration_note", "basis_in": "sourced", "url": "https://puc.colorado.gov/transportation-network-companies/rideshare-industry-info", "status": 200, "url_ok": true, "figure_ok": true, "tier": "primary", "detail": "the page carries 7 of the 12 distinctive words in this note", "action": "kept"}, {"id": "parking_month", "basis_in": "sourced", "url": "https://coloradosprings.gov/parking", "status": 200, "url_ok": true, "figure_ok": true, "tier": "primary", "detail": "the exact quoted text is on the page", "action": "kept"}, {"id": "ridehail_ever_share", "basis_in": "sourced", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/04/more-americans-are-using-ride-hailing-apps/", "status": 200, "url_ok": true, "figure_ok": true, "tier": "secondary", "detail": "the exact quoted text is on the page", "action": "kept"}, {"id": "ridehail_active_share_of_users", "basis_in": "sourced", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/04/more-americans-are-using-ride-hailing-apps/", "status": 200, "url_ok": true, "figure_ok": true, "tier": "secondary", "detail": "the exact quoted text is on the page", "action": "kept"}, {"id": "ridehail_local_multiplier", "basis_in": "derived", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "ridehail_month_share", "basis_in": "derived", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "trips_per_user_month", "basis_in": "estimated", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "visitor_air_arrival_share", "basis_in": "derived", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "visitor_airport_ridehail_share", "basis_in": "estimated", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "visitor_local_trips_per_stay", "basis_in": "estimated", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}, {"id": "visitor_trips_per_stay", "basis_in": "estimated", "url": null, "status": null, "url_ok": null, "figure_ok": null, "tier": null, "detail": "", "action": "not checked (not a sourced record)"}]}, "cost": {"calls": 9, "input_tokens": 0, "output_tokens": 0, "web_searches": 0, "cost_usd": 0.0, "seconds": 1804.0}, "search_ceiling": {"scope": "colorado-springs-co", "searches_charged": 112, "search_ceiling": 200, "searches_left": 88, "calls_made": 9, "call_ceiling": 12, "search_enabled_calls": 4, "per_call_ceiling": 60, "charged_by_estimate": 112, "how_the_cli_is_charged": "The Grok CLI does not report how many web searches it made, so every search-enabled call is charged a flat 28 -- the measured mean of the runs this ceiling exists to prevent (668 searches over 24 search-enabled calls). It is deliberately the worst case, so the ceiling binds early rather than late.", "per_call_breaches": [], "refusals": [], "bound": false, "why": "Six cities on 2026-09-08 made 668 web searches between them and pulled 13,057,511 input tokens, because nothing counted them. This ceiling refuses a call the remaining budget cannot pay for. It is set well above the shape of a normal city on purpose: it is a guard rail against a loop that has run away, not a reason to ask fewer questions about the town. If it bound, the fields that went unresearched are named in `gaps`."}, "reproducibility": {"why": "Re-running the same research prompt for the same city used to return materially different judgement figures, and those figures dominate rides per day. Three variables were taken off the model and rebuilt: the monthly ride-hail share is now computed from a pinned national survey and two measured Census ratios; the per-party visitor trip rate is composed from narrower questions; and what judgement is left is drawn several times and reported as a median with its spread.", "computed_not_judged": ["ridehail_ever_share", "ridehail_active_share_of_users", "ridehail_local_multiplier", "ridehail_month_share", "visitor_air_arrival_share"], "panel_draws": 5, "panel": {"visitor_airport_ridehail_share": {"median": 0.2, "draws": [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.22, 0.23], "min": 0.2, "max": 0.23, "spread_x": 1.15}, "visitor_local_trips_per_stay": {"median": 0.7, "draws": [0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 0.4, 0.55], "min": 0.4, "max": 1.0, "spread_x": 2.5}, "trips_per_user_month": {"median": 2.3, "draws": [2.3, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.2], "min": 2.2, "max": 2.4, "spread_x": 1.09}}, "panel_answers_clipped_to_bounds": [], "rides_per_day_range": [10165, 28122]}, "cross_check": {"has_cross_check": false, "search_was_audited": true, "searched": "Checked the five places in order. (1) Colorado PUC: statewide TNC volume is published (approximately 37 million rides in 2025) but with no city breakout; Large-Market Taxicab operating trip counts stopped being required after 2019, so the 6020 annual reports no longer give Colorado Springs taxi trips. (2) City/county TNC permit reports and open data: data.coloradosprings.gov catalog home has no TNC or taxi trip dataset; the city does not publish for-hire trip totals. (3) Airport: COS monthly traffic releases (e.g. December 2025) count passengers (2,448,001 in 2025) not TNC pickups; ground-transportation rules say a clearinghouse logs TNC geo-fence trips for the airport but that report is not posted. The last published airport TNC figure is a 2018 Gazette share (TNCs carried 43.2% of departing airport passengers in Q1 2018), which is a share, not a trip count. (4) PPACG: the 2050 LRTP public survey reports 94% drive-alone and 8% weekly transit use and does not publish TNC trip counts. (5) Local reporting: 2018 Gazette/PUC clips give zTrip taxi journeys of 297,569 in 2017 (taxi-only, one company, nine years stale). CDOT’s 2019 study modeled 3,680 TNC person trips/day for PPACG in 2018 — a model, not a reported count. None of those is a current all-paid-rides total for this city, so the record is 0.", "verdict": ["none", "five named sources were checked and none of them publishes a trip count for this city"], "our_estimate_per_day": 18346, "our_range_per_day": [4586, 73382]}, "replayed_from_saved_research": false, "summary": "This is a planning tool, not a prediction. Of the 80 numbers behind a season in Colorado Springs, 31 are published figures, 35 are worked out from published figures, and 14 are our own estimates. 43 of them were read straight out of a federal file that covers every city in the country, so there was no citation to trust and no page to misread. You can change any of them. Your result is only as good as the numbers you agree with.", "federal_cross_check": {"rule": "Every research claim about charging stations, population or airports is checked against a federal bulk file the pipeline already holds on disk: chargers against the DOE/AFDC station snapshot (open, public sites within 10 straight-line miles of the Census town center), population against the Census place and county estimates, airports against the FAA enplanement file. Confirmed means the federal file agrees within tolerance (a stall count within 25% or one stall; a figure within 5%). Disputed means the federal file holds a different figure -- both are printed and the pack keeps its own citation. Unconfirmed means the federal file has no record of the thing claimed, which is never treated as false: the locator is voluntary submission and grant-funded sites lag it. Hospital claims are not checked because no federal hospital file is cached. A planned or permitted site never counts as present.", "checked_on": "2026-09-18", "town_center": [38.867255, -104.760749], "geoid": "0816000", "files": {"chargers": {"name": "US DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center station locator", "snapshot": "2026-09-16", "rows": "89386", "views": "dcfc_public / l2_public (status E, public, unrestricted)", "path": "../../american_adventurer/data/camp_leads.sqlite"}, "population": {"place": {"name": "Colorado Springs city", "population": 494743, "vintage": "2025", "file": "sub-est2025.csv", "read_on": "2026-09-07"}, "county": {"name": "El Paso County", "population": 757040, "vintage": "2025", "file": "co-est2025-alldata.csv", "read_on": "2026-09-07"}, "name": "US Census Bureau population estimates, vintage 2025"}, "airports": {"name": "FAA CY2024 commercial service enplanements + FAA airport layer", "read_on": "2026-09-07"}, "hospitals": {"skipped": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)"}}, "federal_chargers_within_10mi": {"dcfc_sites": 27, "dcfc_ports": 94, "dcfc_list": [{"name": "Colorado Springs, CO - E Tyler St - Tesla Supercharger", "network": "Tesla", "ports": 12, "connectors": "J1772COMBO TESLA", "miles": 3.3, "open_date": "2025-09-05"}, {"name": "Colorado Springs, CO - Tesla Supercharger", "network": "Tesla", "ports": 8, "connectors": "TESLA", "miles": 4.0, "open_date": "2015-12-29"}, {"name": "SPRINGS UTIL CITY PARKING 02", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 4.1, "open_date": "2021-04-27"}, {"name": "SPRINGS UTIL CITY PARKING 01", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 4.1, "open_date": "2021-04-27"}, {"name": "Winslow BMW", "network": "EVGATEWAY", "ports": 2, "connectors": "J1772 J1772COMBO", "miles": 4.3, "open_date": "2025-01-28"}, {"name": "The Faricy Boys Chrysler Jeep", "network": "EV Connect", "ports": 2, "connectors": "J1772 J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.1, "open_date": "2025-06-25"}, {"name": "Woodmen Nissan", "network": "Non-Networked", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772 J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.2, "open_date": "2012-01-31"}, {"name": "1115 STATIONS 1115 S1 L3EX250", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.2, "open_date": "2026-03-27"}, {"name": "Phil Long KIA", "network": "EVGATEWAY", "ports": 2, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772 J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.3, "open_date": "2022-03-22"}, {"name": "Phil Long EV Outlet", "network": "EVGATEWAY", "ports": 4, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772 J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.3, "open_date": "2022-04-12"}, {"name": "Red Noland Cadillac", "network": "EV Connect", "ports": 3, "connectors": "J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.3, "open_date": "2024-11-05"}, {"name": "1212 Motor City Drive", "network": "EV Connect", "ports": 2, "connectors": "J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.3, "open_date": "2025-05-08"}, {"name": "Daniels Long Chevrolet", "network": "EVGATEWAY", "ports": 2, "connectors": "J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.5, "open_date": "2025-01-29"}, {"name": "Walmart EV Charging", "network": "WALMART", "ports": 8, "connectors": "J1772COMBO TESLA", "miles": 5.5, "open_date": "2026-06-30"}, {"name": "FasCharge 4589 Fastmarket Valero Colorado Springs", "network": "RED_E", "ports": 2, "connectors": "J1772COMBO", "miles": 5.7, "open_date": "2026-03-30"}, {"name": "GPM INVESTMENTS 4590 DC2", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 6.1, "open_date": "2023-05-02"}, {"name": "GPM INVESTMENTS 4590 DC1", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 6.1, "open_date": "2023-05-02"}, {"name": "Walmart EV Charging", "network": "WALMART", "ports": 8, "connectors": "J1772COMBO TESLA", "miles": 6.1, "open_date": "2026-05-07"}, {"name": "Phil Long Ford of Chapel Hills", "network": "SYNERGEV", "ports": 4, "connectors": "J1772COMBO", "miles": 6.2, "open_date": "2026-03-04"}, {"name": "Faricy Kia", "network": "EVGATEWAY", "ports": 2, "connectors": "J1772COMBO", "miles": 6.3, "open_date": "2022-11-17"}, {"name": "Sam's Club 8272 (Fountain, CO)", "network": "Electrify America", "ports": 6, "connectors": "J1772COMBO", "miles": 6.9, "open_date": "2019-01-01"}, {"name": "Colorado Springs, CO - Forest Bluffs - Tesla Supercharger", "network": "Tesla", "ports": 16, "connectors": "TESLA", "miles": 6.9, "open_date": "2023-04-07"}, {"name": "GPM INVESTMENTS 4588 DC 2", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 6.9, "open_date": "2024-12-05"}, {"name": "GPM INVESTMENTS 4588 DC 1", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 6.9, "open_date": "2024-12-05"}, {"name": "MANITOUSPRINGS HIAWATHA TY3", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 8.0, "open_date": "2023-08-05"}, {"name": "DC CORRIDOR MCFAST CHARGE 1", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 8.8, "open_date": "2022-10-01"}, {"name": "DC CORRIDOR MCFAST CHARGE 2", "network": "ChargePoint Network", "ports": 1, "connectors": "CHADEMO J1772COMBO", "miles": 8.9, "open_date": "2022-10-01"}], "l2_sites": 90, "l2_ports": 215, "nearest_dcfc": {"name": "Colorado Springs, CO - E Tyler St - Tesla Supercharger", "network": "Tesla", "ports": 12, "connectors": "J1772COMBO TESLA", "miles": 3.3, "city": "Colorado Springs", "state": "CO"}}, "counts": {"confirmed": 4, "disputed": 0, "unconfirmed": 0, "skipped_no_file": 5, "claims": 9, "records_touched": 7, "records_read_from_a_federal_file_not_rechecked": 43}, "findings": [{"record": "power_dcfc", "field": "why", "subject": "chargers", "claim": "Tesla Supercharger/ChargePoint fast charging here", "claim_text": "Tesla also posts $0.38/kWh overnight on the same public book, and a ChargePoint CCS stall at 715 Cheyenne Meadows Rd was $0.50/kWh in May 2026.", "verdict": "confirmed", "federal": "the snapshot lists Colorado Springs, CO - E Tyler St - Tesla Supercharger (Tesla, 12 fast ports, 3.3 mi)", "tolerance": "within 10 straight-line miles of the Census town center; a stall count within 25% or one stall"}, {"record": "generators_note", "field": "value", "subject": "hospitals", "claim": "hospital bed count", "claim_text": "UCHealth Memorial Central (404 available beds) and North (140);", "verdict": "skipped", "federal": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)", "tolerance": ""}, {"record": "generators_note", "field": "value", "subject": "hospitals", "claim": "hospital bed count", "claim_text": "Penrose Hospital (300 licensed beds);", "verdict": "skipped", "federal": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)", "tolerance": ""}, {"record": "generators_note", "field": "math", "subject": "hospitals", "claim": "hospital bed count", "claim_text": "Memorial Central 404 available beds and North 140 from UCHealth.", "verdict": "skipped", "federal": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)", "tolerance": ""}, {"record": "hospital_beds", "field": "why", "subject": "hospitals", "claim": "hospital bed count", "claim_text": "Available beds at UCHealth Memorial Hospital Central, the largest single hospital campus in the city (UCHealth's own FY2025 southern Colorado fact sheet).", "verdict": "skipped", "federal": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)", "tolerance": ""}, {"record": "visitor_air_arrival_share", "field": "math", "subject": "airports", "claim": "1,248,261 passengers or enplanements", "claim_text": "1,248,261 boardings at COS in calendar 2024 (FAA, a federal file) divided by 25,600,000 visitors a year = 0.049.", "verdict": "confirmed", "federal": "the note gives 1,248,261; FAA CY2024 enplanements for COS = 1,248,261 -- within 5%", "tolerance": "within 5%"}, {"record": "rides_per_day", "field": "math", "subject": "population", "claim": "494,743 people", "claim_text": "Residents: 494,743 people x 0.7817 adults = 386,741 adults;", "verdict": "confirmed", "federal": "the note says 494,743; the Census file says Colorado Springs city 494,743 (Census vintage 2025) -- within 5%", "tolerance": "within 5%"}, {"record": "notes.power", "field": "text", "subject": "chargers", "claim": "Tesla Supercharger fast charging here", "claim_text": "Tesla DCFC is time-varying;", "verdict": "confirmed", "federal": "the snapshot lists Colorado Springs, CO - E Tyler St - Tesla Supercharger (Tesla, 12 fast ports, 3.3 mi)", "tolerance": "within 10 straight-line miles of the Census town center; a stall count within 25% or one stall"}, {"record": "notes.geography", "field": "text", "subject": "hospitals", "claim": "hospital bed count", "claim_text": "Hospital 404 is UCHealth Memorial Central available beds on the FY2025 fact sheet (revision 8.7.2025);", "verdict": "skipped", "federal": "no federal hospital file is cached (CMS Hospital General Information would be the file; it is not fetched by this rule)", "tolerance": ""}]}, "citation_recheck": {"on": "2026-09-24", "how": "Every citation this pack's build-time check reported as failed was fetched again by hand on 2026-09-24: one request at a time, with the header set a real browser sends, a pause between hosts, a retry with a back-off on 403, 429 and 5xx, and redirects followed and recorded.", "counts": {"rechecked": 1, "gone": 0, "moved": 0, "blocked": 0, "flaky": 0, "answers_normally": 1, "passes_the_same_test_now": 0, "still_fails_the_same_test": 1, "could_not_be_read_today": 0}, "what_this_means": "A citation counted as failed at build time is not the same thing as a dead link. None of this pack's failed citations is a dead page. Where the URL answers and the same test now passes, the original failure was our own fetch being refused, not the source.", "citations": [{"record": "ridehail_present", "url": "https://www.uber.com/global/en/r/cities/colorado-springs-co-us/", "url_today": "answers normally", "detail_today": "HTTP 200 on the first attempt", "build_time_verdict": "the cited page loads but does not carry the figure (the page carries only 5 of the 14 distinctive words in this note)", "same_test_now": "still fails", "same_test_detail": "the page carries only 5 of the 14 distinctive words in this note"}]}}, "ok": true}